Veterinary World

Layth Abdulmajeed Abdulkhaleq ¹, Mohammed Abdulrazzaq Assi ², Mohd Hezmee Mohd Noor ², Rasedee Abdullah ¹, Mohd Zamri Saad ¹, Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang-43400, Selangor, MY
2 Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang-43400, Selangor, MY
3 Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang-43400, Selangor, MY

Abstract

Epicatechin is a natural flavonoid found in green tea. It has been reported to possess an immense antioxidant effect which contributes to its therapeutic effect against a handful of ailments. In this review, we discuss its therapeutic role in the management of two of the most important human diseases; diabetes and cancer. The consumption of epicatechin has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, while is anticancer effect was attributed to its antioxidant properties, antiangiogenic and direct cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Although the exact mechanism of action of epicatechin is still being explored, there is no doubt that it is a promising candidate as an alternative. The significance of this review is to highlight the importance of the usage of natural products (in this case, epicatechin) as an alternative for the treatment of two potentially fatal diseases which is diabetes and cancer. The aim of this review is to educate the scientific community on the role of epicatechin in ameliorating the effects of diabetes and cancers on human while understanding the potential mechanisms of these aforementioned effects.

Keywords

Angiogenesis, Carcinoma, Diabetes Mellitus, Epicatechin, Oxidative Stress.

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Lizma Felisha Mazlan ¹, Noor Farhana Bachek ¹, Siti Nor Azizah Mahamud ¹, Lokman Hakim Idris ¹, Tan Sheau Wei ¹, Abdul Rahman Omar ¹, Mohd Hezmee Mohd Noor ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang-43400, Selangor, MY

Abstract

Aim: Genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the most predominant NDV strains that circulating in Malaysia; thus, this study was aimed to determine the susceptibility of Japanese quails toward genotype VII NDV. Clinical signs, gross pathological lesions of organs, positive detection of virus in organs and cloacal swabs, as well as the expression of the antibody titer, were used as parameters to assess the susceptibility of Japanese quails following infection of genotype VII NDV.
Materials and Methods: About 20 quails were divided into three groups (n=8 for Groups A and B; n=4 for the control group). The quails in the Groups A and B were infected via intraocular route with 0.03 ml of 103.5 ELD50 and 107.0 ELD50 of NDV strain IBS 002, respectively, while the control group received 1×phosphate-buffered saline. Cloacal swabs and necropsy were taken on day 7 post-infection for all quails were subjected to one-step reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for detection of virus and examination for gross pathological lesion, respectively. Blood serums of infected quails were taken on day 10, 14, and 21 post-day infections and were subjected for hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay.
Results: Depression and ruffled feathers, trachea rales, leg paralysis, and torticollis were shown in some of the quails in both infected groups. Based on statistical analysis, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in clinical signs between the infected groups. The results for RT-qPCR were found to be negative for all groups, and no gross pathological lesions of organs observed for quails in both infected groups. Trachea, proventriculus, and cecal tonsil were taken for the detection of NDV by RT-qPCR, and some of the organ samples showed positive detection of virus in both infected groups. HI assay showed an increase in mean titers of antibody across time and between infected groups.
Conclusion: In summary, Japanese quails are susceptible to genotype VII NDV based on parameters assessed.

Keywords

Infections, Intraocular, Japanese Quails, Newcastle Disease Virus.

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